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The article studies Automatic Oil Spraying Machine design and manufacture for baking device. In a current baking process, the workers manually spray the oil onto the trays. The spraying cycle increases the cost of man power in small scale industries. An automated oil spraying system is designed to solve these issues, where they can automatically spray the oil on the baking tray easily and effectively. The main components of this device are the mechanical and electrical components. The mechanical portion consists of conveyor belt, roller, bearing, gear, nozzle and tank, and mechanical structure. The electrical components include the IR sensor module, the dc motor, the dc pump, Arduino, and the source of the batteries. The key advantages of this approach are high precision oil spraying; improve efficiency, cost reduction and manpower. This model system's gross weight contains 15 kg (roughly). The efficiency of this device is checked for product production under different working conditions to track the performance of the work and the time durations.

Statement of problem Three-dimensionally printed custom open trays have become a popular option in clinical implant dentistry because of advantages such as individualization, efficiency, and effectiveness. However, clinical evidence on their accuracy and feasibility is lacking. Purpose The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the accuracy and feasibility for impressions of multiple implants by using 3D-printed custom open trays versus conventional custom open trays. Material and methods Twenty-two partially edentulous individuals needing impression making for restorations supported by multiple implants were enrolled. Two types of custom open trays were made for each participant, a 3D-printed tray (test) and a conventional tray (control). With a splinted technique, silicone definitive impressions were obtained with the 2 custom open trays and poured with Type IV dental stone. Impression accuracy (primary outcome) was evaluated by measuring linear distances and the marginal gaps between the implant replicas and verification devices on the test and control casts. Clinical tray fit, impression quality, and cast quality were rated by an independent technician through a visual analog scale (VAS). The fabrication time and cost of the 2 types of custom open trays were recorded. The feasibility of 3D-printed trays was determined from these outcomes. The paired Student t test and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used for statistical analysis (α=.05). Results For impression accuracy, no statistically significant difference was found between test and control groups (P>.05). In terms of clinical tray fit, impression quality, and cast quality, no statistically significant difference was found (all P>.05). Regarding fabrication time and cost, the test group (57.65 ±6.49 minutes, 0.37 ±0.07 United States dollars [USD]) exhibited superiority over the control group (101.96 ±2.92 minutes, 4.41 ±0.37 USD) (both P Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, the 3D-printed custom open trays were clinically accurate, efficient, and cost-effective for impressions of multiple implants.

This study evaluated the effects of three drying techniques, tray drying, roasting and microwave vacuum drying, on the physical properties, secondary structures, in vitro protein digestibility and X-ray tomographic structure of crickets (Acheta domesticus) and mulberry silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori L.). The protein contents of dried crickets and silkworm pupae were 49-54% and 51-53% (dry basis), respectively. Roasting produced a significantly higher browning index than the other two methods for crickets and silkworm pupae. The microwave vacuum-dried crickets exhibited the lowest hardness, with hardness values of approximately half those of the tray-dried and roasted crickets. Tray-drying and microwave vacuum drying silkworm pupae produced similar hardness values, which were lower than that of roasted silkworm pupae. The energy consumption of the tray dryer was the lowest, followed by the roaster and microwave vacuum dryer. No significant changes in the secondary protein structure of dried silkworm pupae were observed. A significant decrease in α-helix and β-turn and increase in β-sheet was observed in roasted crickets. Cricket and silkworm pupae powders produced from all drying techniques could be easily digested (90-95% digestibility). This work presents valuable knowledge for understanding the effects of different drying techniques on the properties of dried edible insects, aiming to support the production of alternative and sustainable protein sources for the growing population to improve food security.

The article shows the transmission scheme of a screw with a wavy (zigzag) shape of the surface of rotation and chain transmission with a compound roller, as well as an analysis of their structural properties. The results of experimental studies conducted to determine the operability of a chain drive with a composite roller installed in the drive mechanism of a new-design screw conveyor are described. It also describes the process of cleaning small and large litter of various kinds from the composition of lint on a recommended design based on experimental results. Development of an efficient structure of a screw conveyor that transports and cleans lint, and determines its parameters based on complex experimental studies. Experimental studies were conducted at the Tashkent Research Institute of Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture using the tensometric test method. Here, the angular velocities of the screw shaft are determined with the help of tensor resistors. As a result of experimental studies, the laws of changing the angular speeds of the screw shaft and the leading star shaft of the fluff transportation and cleaning screw conveyor were determined in different working conditions. These laws were determined by the oscillograms presented in the article. In the article, the laws of change of angular velocities on the screw and leading star shafts of the screw conveyor carrying and cleaning cotton lint were determined experimentally. Graphs of dependence of angular velocities and their vibration ranges on performance and wave height on the surface of the screw were constructed. Based on the analysis, the optimal values of the parameters were recommended., {"references":["1.\tYuldashev,K.K. (2022).\"Improvement of the screw conveyor design and parameters of the fluff carrier and cleaning\". Diss. PhD in technical sciences","2.\tZhumaniyazov, K. (1989). Creation of a system for the transport and distribution of medium staple cotton along the production lines of cleaning and genie batteries. Diss. cand. tech. Sciences.","3. Spivakovsky, A.O. & Dyyachkov, V.K. (1968). Transport vehicles. Ed. 2nd revision and additional M.: Mechanical engineering. 356 p.","4.\tJuraev, A. et. Al (2018). Chain transmission. Patent Res. Uzbek No. IAP20170020. Bull. No. 3","5.\tBerezhnoy, S.B. (2004). \"Synthesis and analysis of roller chain drives\". Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences. Krasnodar.","6.\tJuraev, A. et. al. (2020). Patent. Res. Uzbek No. IAP 06200. Bull., No. 4","7.\tJuraev, A. et. al. (2021). Patent. Res. Uzbek No. IAP 06472.","8.\tVedenyapin, G.V. (1973).General methodology of experimental research and processing of experimental data. M.: Kolos. 199 p.","9.\tDzhuraev, A. et. al (2018). Determination of the amplitude of natural vibrations of the axis on the elastic supports of the transmission chain. Journal of Scientific Techniques. (spets.vyp), 64-67.","10.\tDjuraev, A. et. al (2014). Kinematic and dynamic analysis of chain mechanisms with belt elements and tensioning devices. Monograph. Tashkent."]}

The present work reports on an experimental study carried out on a solar dryer with an external reflector to remove the moisture content available in the grapes. The thermal behavior of the solar dryer with external reflector and open solar drying technique were compared. Using an external reflector on the solar dryer increased the energy input. Results showed that using a solar dryer with external reflectors reduced the drying time while compared to that of open solar drying. The temperature of the dryer tray using an external reflector is increased to about 20% than open basket solar drying. Similarly, the relative humidity of open solar drying is higher as compared to that of the drying chamber with an external reflector. The time required for removing the moisture using a modified solar dryer is found as 5 days, whereas, using open basket solar drying, the time required to remove moisture is 8 days.

Aim To compare the dimensional accuracy of polyether, polyvinyl siloxane, and polyether polyvinyl siloxane hybrid impression materials using closed tray, open tray splinted, and open tray nonsplinted coping impression techniques and to find out the best suitable impression material and technique combination for implant impressions. Materials and methods The sample size of the study was 45. The combinations of materials and techniques were divided into nine groups, namely polyvinyl siloxane with closed tray, polyvinyl siloxane with open tray nonsplinted copings, polyvinyl siloxane with open tray splinted copings, polyether with closed tray, polyether with open tray nonsplinted copings, polyether with open tray splinted copings, polyvinyl siloxane-polyether hybrid with closed tray, polyvinyl siloxane-polyether hybrid with open tray nonsplinted copings, and polyvinyl siloxanepolyether hybrid with open tray splinted copings. Five samples of each group were evaluated. A total of 45 impressions were taken. A stainless steel master metal framework with three internal hex implants was fabricated and used to generate the samples. A common condensation silicone putty spacer was applied over the impression copings attached to the implants, which was then duplicated. All trays were fabricated on this duplicated silicone die using light cure acrylic resin. Trays to be used for open tray techniques had their top removed for gaining access to screws of the impression copings. Splinting of coping for OS group was done using pattern resin. Impressions were poured, and master cast was generated. Interimplant distance was measured using stereomicroscope and an image analyzing software. Results Open nonsplinted technique resulted in significantly better replication of implant positions compared to open splinted and closed techniques. Hybrid impression material depicted significantly better dimensional accuracy than polyether and polyvinyl siloxane. Hybrid open nonsplinted depicted least mean difference in interimplant distance, followed by hybrid open splinted and polyether open splinted groups. Polyvinyl siloxane closed tray showed maximum difference in interimplant distance in comparison with other groups. Conclusion Polyvinyl siloxane-polyether hybrid impression material and open nonsplinted technique gave best replication of implant positions on the master cast. Clinical significance Accuracy of impressions and casts is of great importance for the fabrication and long-term clinical success of precisely fitting implant-retained prostheses.

A copper tray dating back to the Mamluk era, kept in the stores of the Museum of Islamic Art in Cairo, registered under No. 9315. It was broken into six separate parts with several holes. Its edge is serrated by a line in the prominent Naskh script. The tray suffers from various deterioration factors, such as pits and holes in different places of the tray, and the wrong restoration, as it was welded incorrectly with the aim of assembling some of its separate parts. Various examinations and analyses were carried out. The results of the X-ray diffraction analysis showed the presence of Cuprite (Cu2O), Atacamite and Paratacamite. Treatment and conservation of the tray was carried out, including mechanical cleaning and chemical cleaning. The assembly process was carried out for the separate parts. The holes were completed using mixture of epoxy with natural oxides and calcium carbonate with microballoon as a filler. The tray was also isolated using 3% benzotriazole to protect it from exposure to corrosion.

Soul house are domestic structures of one or more stories while the term of offering tray will be utilized to allude to the clay tray; which are made by hand and takes various shapes. On the court of the house and the surfaces of the trays are modeled offerings consisting of meats, vegetables, and loaves of breads. Drainage channels may be present also. Furthermore, soul houses are used as inexpensive substitute miniature rock tombs or chapels for elite people, while offering trays are used as cheap modest offering table of stone to emblematically provide food to the deceased during the funerary ceremonies. They have been found throughout Egypt from El-Lisht to the fortress of Nubia. However, no model was found in the delta. All of them can be dated to the Middle Kingdom. The current paper presents an investigation on seven models of soul houses and offering trays[1] among collections exhibits in the Egyptian Agricultural Museum in Cairo, among of these collections pottery soul houses, and offering trays. This research also aims to suggest the provenance and the date of each model. [1] These models are the only models in this Museum.

A digital technique was described for designing and fabricating segmental individual tooth trays that can be used to make an impression of multiple preparations with high accuracy and efficiency. The digital model of prepared dentition was acquired. The segmental individual tooth trays with retention attachments and tissue stops were designed and 3D-printed with light-polymerizing resin. The segmental impression of each section of the prepared dentition was made with the corresponding individual tooth tray loaded with the impression material. A final overall impression was made to pick up the segmental individual tooth trays with a full arch tray. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

This paper addresses the analysis of the design, manufacture, and assembly (DFMA) of the tray for a vertical lift module (Tray VLM), being a subassembly of this automatic VLM storage system. The method used for DFMA analysis is the Boothroyd Dewhurst method, using their software. Based on the recommendations of the DFMA software, following the study on the current Tray VLM product, several components were redesigned using the Design for Manufacture (DFM) module and certain stages for assembly were optimized, using the design for Assembly module (DFA). The result was reduced assembly cost, reduced assembly process time, and increased assembly design efficiency, which were successfully validated by DFMA software by maximizing the DFA index

Background Direct orthodontic bracket bonding consumes significantly more chairside time in comparison to indirect bonding. The primary drawback of indirect bonding is incomplete penetration of the curing light through transfer trays, leading to bracket bond failure. The primary objective in a clinical setting is to minimize the chairside time. This technique of indirect bonding reduces chairside time, is economical, utilizes minimum armamentarium, and provides adequate light penetration and accuracy. Technique Impressions were made, casts were poured and marked for the desired bracket position as per MBT prescription. Bonding agent was used to stabilize the brackets on the working model. A 3D printing pen and polylactic acid (PLA) filament were used to fabricate transfer trays for indirect bonding. The tray with brackets held in the desired position was transferred to the oral cavity and cured. Conclusions Fabrication of complete or partial transfer trays for indirect bonding using PLA with the help of a 3D printing pen is a precise, easy-to-use, economical, and reliable method that reduces chairside time. Clinical significance When compared with other methods of indirect bonding, the PLA transfer tray made with a 3D printing pen was easy to fabricate with brackets held firmly in the tray for a precisely desired position. The tray fit snugly and permitted light curing of composite from all surfaces of brackets and removal of flash. This method significantly reduced the overall time of the indirect bonding procedure.

Distillation is the most common separation technology utilized in the petroleum and chemistry industries. Due to the wide usage of the distillation column, even a small improvement in performance may result in significant energy cost savings. Aiming to improve the hydrodynamics and mass transfer performance, the flow-guided trapezoid spray-packing tray (FTS-PT) was designed by combining flow-guided holes and trapezoidal caps with structured packing. And the experimental measurements of the FTS-PT, including pressure drop, clear liquid height, weeping, entrainment, and tray efficiency, were conducted in a 500 mm diameter plexiglass column with the air-water-oxygen system. Moreover, the performance of the FTS-PT was compared with that of New VST and F1 valve tray. The results show that FTS-PT has a significant advantage in pressure drop, entrainment, and capacity. Furthermore, the calculation model of the pressure drop was derived and used for the FTS-PT with a relative deviation of less than 5%.

A highly accurate impression is one of success requirements in implant dentistry. A passively fitting prothesis is achieved when the 3-dimensional position of the implants is precisely transferred to the cast. Various impression techniques are described in the literature. Each one presents indications, qualities and limits. Many studies compared the main techniques which are closed and open-tray impressions along with their specificities. In this second part, the open-tray technique is described and discussed then compared with the closed-tray one.

In this study, drying of grape (Vitis vinifera) in isothermal and non-isothermal conditions has been done with the newly improved proportional integral derivative (PID) system. The average energy efficiency has been calculated in the processes in which the grapes are dried is 53.4% in the isothermal PID system, 59.7% in the non-isothermal PID system, and 30.5% in the tray dryer (forced convection). To maximum exergy efficiency in the tray dryer, the experimental optimization is made according to the response surface methodology (RSM). In the RSM design, the results have been evaluated by working at different airflow rates (1.5 m/s, 2.2 m/s, 2.9 m/s) and different temperatures (298 K, 308 K, and 318 K). In natural conditions, the drying of grapes took approximately 8 days in the sun and 11 days in the shade. A new shrinkage model has been improved based on the transformation rate, considering the drying behavior of grape grains. The consistency of the obtained model equation with the experimental data has been determined with the help of statistical analysis (R2 0.9987, SST 0.0098). Moreover, when the diffusion behavior of grapes has been investigated, it is determined that both temperature and airflow rate increase the effective diffusion coefficient in the tray dryer. The maximum effective diffusion coefficient in the tray dryer is 2.11·109 m2/s at a temperature of 318 K and an airflow rate of 2.9 m/s. Highlights • According to the exergy results, the efficiency has been found to be maximum in the non-isothermal drying performed with the new improved system. • A new model has been improved based on the conversion rate of shrinkage diameter for grape grains during drying. • To obtain maximum efficiency in the tray dryer, the experimental design of the airflow rate and temperature has been evaluated by RSM optimization. •The effective diffusion coefficient of grape has been compared in the tray dryer under the different conditions.

In this study, drying kinetics of Arapgir purple basil leaves under the isothermal and non-isothermal conditions have been investigated. Effective methods were evaluated by drying freshly collected basil leaves in the sun, isothermal, and non-isothermal systems. Energy efficiency was compared in different drying processes by performing exergy analysis in the drying process. It has been observed that the energy consumed and lost especially in the convection drying system (tray dryer) is very high. In the experiments performed in the PID (proportional integral derivative) system, the lowest efficiency was found in the isothermal process. Accordingly, the most suitable system in exergy efficiency was determined as the non-isothermal PID system. Maximum energy loss and minimum exergy efficiency were found at 45 °C temperature and 3.0 m/s airflow rate in the convection drying process. Exergy efficiencies were found to be approximately 4% in the convection tray dryer, 26% in the PID system under isothermal conditions, and 32% in the PID system under non-isothermal conditions. Optimization parameters in the drying process were determined by the response surface methodology (RSM), and the kinetic models were compared with the help of statistical analyses in the experiments. Midilli and Kucuk model has been found as the most compatible kinetic equation with the experimental data. According to this model results, correlation coefficient (R2 > 0.990), sum of squared error (SSE˂0.005), chi-square (χ2˂1·10−5), and root mean square error (RMSE˂0.003) values have been evaluated.

Impression techniques using digital technology seemed to be studied with the accuracy planning to initiate acceptable prosthetic results in implant dentistry. In order to overcome these misfit, digital impression by means of an intra-oral scanner may assist. The purpose of this study was conducted to assess the efficacy of using digital impression technique compared to conventional technique Material and Methods: 8 patients were examined with a total of 22 implants placed, each patient had undergone two impression techniques: a digital impression: intraoral scan body, and a conventional impression: open tray impression, the total deviation between the two impression techniques was measured. This was done by scanning the scan body in patient mouth in group I and digitalizing the conventional open tray impression by scanning the scan body on the cast produced by the open tray in group 2. The scan body was replaced on the software (Exocad software) with custom made abutment and the deviation between the two groups was measured using (Geomagic Control X; 3D systems) GOM inspection software Results: Total deviation between groups, the open tray conventional impression was compared to hypothesized reference digital impression and were calculated using GOM inspect software. The total deviation was statistically significantly different among the studied groups. Conclusions: In partially edentulous patients, intraoral oral scanning using intra oral scan bodies improves over all accuracy, than conventional open tray impression technique.

A digital technique for designing and fabricating an individual tooth tray used for taking subgingival impression of complete crown preparation was described. The digital model of required dentition region was obtained before performing crown preparation. An individual tooth tray with retention attachments was designed and printed with plastic material. After conducting crown preparation, the individual tooth tray loaded with the final impression material was placed onto the abutment to deliver the impression material subgingivally. A final overall impression was made with full arch stock tray to pick up the individual tooth tray with the accurate impression of abutment.

Background The present means of confirming the cure of intra-operative polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) cement are to wait for the remainder cement to harden. To our knowledge, there is no available technique to determine the precise moment of cure for in-vivo cement beneath the tibial tray. This study uses a novel means to determine cement curing time in two environments. One environment represents the operating theater, and the other environment attempts to model cement conditions under the tibial tray during surgery. Materials and methods We determined the temperature-versus-time plot of cement curing using the following two temperature sensors: one in a simulated implanted tibial tray and another in the remainder cement. We performed 55 tests using dental methyl methacrylate cement mixed in the same ratio as the orthopedic cement. To simulate in vivo conditions, a simulated stainless-steel tibial tray was implanted on a cancellous bone substitute (Sawbones, Vashon Island, WA, USA) using standard cement technique and subsequently placed in a 90°F (32.2 °C) circulating water bath. We positioned a temperature sensor in the cement mantel and positioned a second sensor in a portion of the remaining cement. The temperature from both sensors was measured simultaneously, beginning at 5 min after mixing and continuing for 20 min. The first derivative of the temperature provided the precise curing time for each condition. We analyzed the results of 55 repeated experiments with an independent samples t-test. Results With the described technique, we were able to accurately determine the moment of cure of the cement beneath the simulated tray. There was a mean difference between cure time of 5 min and 26 s (p value Conclusions We validated that our technique was successful in determining the precise time to cure in two different environments. Level of evidence This was not a clinical trial and did not involve patients as such the level of evidence was Grade A: Consistent 1 and 2.

A significant part of sewerage networks in cities in the country are reinforced concrete pipelines with a diameter of 500 to 1500 mm, which lie at a small depth. In many cases, they transport wastewater to treatment plants through areas free of traffic and pedestrians. These factors allow you to effectively perform repair and restoration work in an open way. Corrosion processes that occur in the surface part of the collectors lead to the destruction of the basement. The tray part of the collectors, which is constantly filled with wastewater, remains intact. As studies have shown, the preserved tray part can be successfully used as a fixed formwork and support element in the restoration of the basement of the collector. In this case, to create a new basement part of the collector, in place of the destroyed, it is advisable to use a monolithic structure of polymer concrete reinforced with composite reinforcement. These works are performed using pneumatic and inventory formwork. To implement the proposed structure, it is necessary to perform a preliminary calculation of its load-bearing capacity, provided that it rests on the preserved tray part. As a result of this work it is possible to receive economy in comparison with use for repair and restoration works of polyethylene and fiberglass pipes of necessary diameter. During the calculation, a model of the collector was considered, consisting of a preserved tray part of the collector made of concrete class C12 / 15, the upper part of the collector made of concrete class C20 / 25. The calculation proved the possibility of using polymer concrete structures for repair and restoration of sewers in an open way, provided that the new basement rests on the preserved tray part. The proposed open method allows to significantly reduce the cost of repair and restoration work in comparison with the use of polyethylene and fiberglass pipes.

People with animal protein allergies are not allowed to consume cow’s milk. Moringa oleifera are rich in a number of nutrients such as protein, vitamins, calcium, iron, and micronutrients, and can be an alternative to substitute cow’s milk. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of drying air temperature and air velocity on drying rate, drying kinetic and the physicochemical properties of moringa milk powder. The drying process was conducted using a tray dryer with a foam mate drying method. Moringa leaves and sesame seeds were crushed for 10 minutes using a blender. The mixture was filtered by filter paper and then mixed with dextrin and eggwhite as foaming agents of 20% and 15% weight, respectively. A baking sheet containing Moringa paste with a thickness of 5 mm was inserted into the tray dryer. The hot air at velocity variations of 0.2 m/s and 0.3 m/s, and temperature variations of 90°C, 110°C, and 130°C were applied to dry moringa paste. Lewi’s model was used to determine the drying kinetic of moringa oleifera milk powder. The optimum drying process occurred at the temperature of 130°C and the air velocity of 0.2 m/s with a critical time (tc) 20 minutes, the critical water content of the sample (Xc) 2.304 kg H2O/kg-dry-solids, a constant drying rate (Rc) 0.365 kg H2O/minute.cm2, and drying kinetic constant (k) 0.0335 min-1. This study succeeded in producing powdered milk with the highest fat content of 14% while the protein content of 19.2%.

This research aimed to optimize the tray dryer temperature and time of white corn flour culture by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). There were two cultures used in this research, namely Amylolytic Culture (AC) and Complete Culture (CC). AC consisted of Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus niger, Acremonium strictum, and Candida famata, while CC consisted of Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus oryzae, Fusarium oxysporum, Acremonium strictum, Candida famata, Kodamaea ohmeri and Candida krusei/incospicua. The independent variables in this study were drying temperature and time, where the quality indicators used were total viability of mold and yeast, water content, water activity, and pH. This research used a factor response surface methodology. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with an α level of 95%. The result of this research showed that the optimum drying process for AC starter was 40°C for 10 hrs, with characteristic response viability 8.8×107 CFU/g, water activity 0.43, water content 8.90%, and pH 4.05. CC starter showed an optimum drying process at 49°C for 4.5 hrs, with characteristic response viability 4.9×107 CFU/g, water activity 0.49, water content 7.02%, and pH 3.95. The optimum tray dryer temperatures and times were achieved for AC and CC starters.